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Chinese

Spoken Chinese
Main article: Spoken Chinese
A map shows the subdivisions of language ("tongues" or "dialect groups") within China itself. The traditionally recognized seven main groups, in order of population size are:
Name
Abbreviation
Pinyin
Local Romanization
Simp.
Trad.
Total
Speakers
Mandarin
Notes: includes standard Mandarin
Guan;
Gunhu
Pinyin: Gunhu
c. 850000000
Bifnghu
Pinyin: Bifnghu
Wu
Notes: includes Shanghai
Wu;
Wy
long-short nyiu: ng
c. 90 million
Yue
Notes: includes Cantonese and Taishanese
Yue,
Yuy
Jyutping: Jyut6 jyu5;
Yale: Yuht h
c. 80 million
Min
Notes: includes Taiwan and Teochew
MIN;
Mny
POJ: Bn g;
BUC: MNG ng
c. 50 million
Xiang
Xiang;
Xingye
Romanization: Shien "
c. 35 million
Hakka
Kejia;
Kjihu
Hakka Pinyin: k-fa Hak-Hak or va-k-
c. 35 million
Khu
Hakka Pinyin: Hak-fa Hak-going or
Gan
Gan;
Gny
Romanization: Gon
c. 20 million
disputed classifications by some Chinese linguists:
Name
Abbreviation
Pinyin
Local Romanization
Simp.
Trad.
Total
Speakers
Jin
Notes: Mandarin
Jin;
JNY
None
45 million
Huizhou
Notes: from Wu
Hui;
Huzhuhu
None
~ 3.2 million
Pinghua
NOTE: Cantonese
Ping;
Pnghu Gungx
None
~ 5 million
There are also some groups Smaller still are not classified, such as dialect Danzhou (), Danzhou spoken on the island of Hainan, Xianghua not (), to be confused Xiang (), spoken in western Hunan, and Shaozhou Tuhua (), spoken in northern Guangdong. The Dungan language, spoken in Central Asia, is very closely related with Mandarin. However, it is generally considered "Chinese" as it is written in Cyrillic and spoken by Dungan people outside China who are not considered ethnic Chinese. View List Chinese dialects for a complete list of the various dialects within these large groups, broad.
Overall, the above groups dialect of the language has no defined boundaries, though Mandarin is the predominant language Sinitic in the North and Southwest, and the rest are mostly spoken in Central and Southeast China. Often, as in the case of Guangdong province, native speakers of major variants overlapped. As in many areas that were linguistically diverse for a long time, not always clear how the speeches of various parts of China should be classified. The Ethnologue lists a total of 14, but the number varies between seven and seventeen depending on the classification scheme followed. For example, the Min variety is often divided into Northern Min (Minbei, Fuchow) and Southern Min (Minnan, Amoy-Swatow), linguists have not determined whether their mutual intelligibility is small enough to be classified as separate languages.
In general, diversity mountainous South China displays more linguistic than flat in northern China. In some parts of southern China, a major city dialect can only be marginal intelligible to close neighbors. For instance, Wuzhou is about 120 miles upstream from Guangzhou, but its dialect is more like Standard Cantonese spoken in Guangzhou, which is to Taishan, 60 kilometers southwest of Guangzhou and separated by several rivers of the same (Ramsey, 1987).
Standard Mandarin and diglossia
Main Article: Standard Mandarin
Putonghua / Guoyu, often called "Mandarin" is the official standard language used by the People's Republic China, the Republic of China, and Singapore (where it is called "Huayu"). It is based on the Beijing dialect, which is the dialect of Mandarin spoken in Beijing. The Government intends to speakers of all Chinese speech varieties to use it as a common language of communication. Therefore, it is used in government agencies, in the media, and as language of instruction at school.
In mainland China and Taiwan, diglossia has been a common feature: it is common that a Chinese can speak two or three varieties of languages Sinitic (or ialects) with Standard Mandarin. For example, in addition to a resident of Shanghai Putonghua would talk about Shanghai and, if not grow there, their local dialect. A native of Guangzhou Norma can speak Cantonese and Mandarin, a resident of Taiwan, Taiwan and Putonghua / Guoyu. A person who usually lives in Taiwan can mix pronunciations, phrases and words from Standard Mandarin and Taiwanese, and this mixture is considered normal in many circumstances. In Hong Kong, Standard Mandarin is starting to take its place alongside standard English and Cantonese, the official languages.
Linguistics
Main article: Identification of the varieties of Chinese
Linguists often view Chinese as a language family, but due to socio-political China and cultural situation and the fact that all spoken varieties use of a common written system, it is customary to refer to these variants in general, mutually unintelligible as "Chinese." The diversity of Sinitic variants is comparable to the Romance languages.
From a purely descriptive point of view, "languages" and "dialects" are simply arbitrary groups of similar idiolects, and the distinction is irrelevant to linguists who are only concerned with describing regional speeches technically. However, the idea of a single language has major overtones in politics and cultural identity, and explains the amount of emotion over this issue. Most of Chinese and Chinese linguists refer to China as a single language and its subdivisions dialects, while others call Chinese a language family.
Chinese themselves it is a time for its unified writing system, Zhongwen (), whereas the nearest equivalent is used to describe its variants are spoken Hanyu ([language Poken s] of the Han Chinese), its mandate would be translated into any of ANGUAGE or ANGUAGES since China has no grammatical numbers. In Chinese, there is much less need for continuous standard speech and writing, as indicated by two independent morphemes character and wen yu. The ethnic Chinese often consider these variations as a single language spoken by grounds of nationality as they have inherited a common cultural and linguistic heritage in Classical Chinese. Native speakers of Wu Han, Min, Hakka and Cantonese, for example, may consider their own linguistic varieties as separate spoken languages, but the Han Chinese race as internal onelbeit very diversethnicity. For nationalists Chinese, the idea of Chinese as a language family may suggest that Chinese identity is much more fragmented and disjointed than it actually is and, as such, is often considered culturally and politically provocative. Furthermore, in Taiwan, which is closely associated with Taiwan independence, where some supporters of independence Taiwan to promote the local language spoken in Taiwan Minnan-based.
Inside the People's Republic of China and Singapore, it is common for the government to cover all language divisions Sinica (s) beside standard Mandarin as languages fangyan (REGIONAL, often translated as ialects). Modern-day Chinese speakers of all kinds are connected by a formal standard written language, although this rule is based on modern written Mandarin, usually modern Beijing dialect.
Language and nationality
The Sinophone term, coined by analogy with the English-speaking and French-speaking, refers to those who speak the native language of China, or prefer as a means of communication. The term derives from Sina, the Latin word for ancient China.
Written Chinese
Main article: Written Chinese
evolved Chinese character over time from earlier forms of hieroglyphics. The idea that all characters are pictograms or ideograms, Chinese is an erroneous one: most characters contain phonetic parts, and are composed of phonetic components and semantic radicals. Only the simplest characters, such as s (human) ri (sun), shan (mountain), shui (water), may be entirely pictorial in origin. In 100 CE, the famous scholar in the dynasty Shn X Hn characters classified into six categories, namely pictographs, simple ideographs, compound ideographs, phonetic loans, phonetic compounds and derivative characters. Of these, only 4% were classified as pictograms and 8090% as phonetic complexes consisting of a semantic element which indicates the meaning, and indicates a phonetic element pronunciation. In general, the phonetic element is more accurate and more important than semantics. [Citation needed] There are about 214 radicals recognized in the Dictionary Kangxi.
Modern characters are styled after the standard script (Kish) (see styles below). Several other styles are also written used in East Asian calligraphy, including the script of the board (zhunsh), cursive script (cosh) and writing office (LSH). Calligraphy artists can write in simplified and traditional characters, but tend to use traditional characters for traditional art.
Various styles of Chinese calligraphy.
There are currently two systems for Chinese characters. The traditional system is still used in Hong Kong, Taiwan, Macao and Chinese-speaking communities (except Singapore and Malaysia) outside Mainland China, takes its shape from standard character forms dating back to the late Han Dynasty. The simplified Chinese characters developed by the Republic Of China in 1954 to promote mass literacy, simplifies most complex traditional glyphs to fewer strokes, many common variants caoshu shorthand.
Singapore which has a large Chinese community, is currently firstnd the onlyoreign nation to officially adopt simplified characters, but also has become the standard de facto for smaller ethnic Chinese in Malaysia. The Internet is the platform to practice reading the alternative system, be it traditional or simplified.
Today well-educated Chinese characters recognized around 6000-7000, some 3,000 characters are needed to read a Mainland newspaper. The PRC government defines literacy among workers as a knowledge of 2,000 characters, although this would be only functional literacy. A large unabridged dictionary like the Kangxi Dictionary contains over 40,000 characters, including obscure characters, variant, rare and archaic, less than a quarter of these characters are now in common use.
History
History China
ANTIQUE
May 3 Kings and Emperors
A. 21001600 Xia Dynasty C.
A. 16001046 Shang Dynasty C.
A. 1045256 Zhou Dynasty C.
Zhou West
Eastern Zhou
Spring and Autumn
Warring States Period
IMPERIAL
Qin Dynasty 221 BC C. BCE206
Dynasty Han BCE220 EC 206
Han West
Xin Dynasty
Eastern Han
Three Kingdoms 220 280
Wei, Shu and Wu
Jin dynasty 265 420
Western Jin
16 Kingdoms
304 439
Eastern Jin
Southern Dynasties and Northern
420 589
Sui Dynasty 581 618
Tang Dynasty 618 907
(Zhou Second 690 705)
5 dynasties and
10 Kingdoms
907 960
Liao Dynasty
9071125
Song Dynasty
9601279
Northern Song
W. Xia
Song of the South
Jin
12711368 Yuan Dynasty
Ming Dynasty 13681644
Qing Dynasty 16441911
MODERNO
Republic China 19121949
People's republic
China
1949resent
Republic
China
(Taiwan)
1945resent
Articles Related
Chinese historiography
Timeline of Chinese history
Dynasties in Chinese history
Linguistic History
History Art
Economic History
Education history
Science and technology in the story
Legal history
Media history
Military history
Naval history
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Main article: History of Chinese
Most linguists classify all varieties of modern spoken Chinese as part of the family of Sino-Tibetan languages and believe that there was an original language, called Proto-Sino-Tibetan languages which the And Tibeto-Burman Sinitic declined. The relationship between Chinese and other Sino-Tibetan languages is a very active research area, as is the attempt to reconstruct Proto-Sino-Tibetan. The main difficulty in this effort is that, while there is sufficient documentation to allow one to reconstruct the ancient Chinese sounds, there is no written documentation that records the division between proto-Sino-Tibetan and ancient Chinese. Moreover, many ancient languages that allow us to reconstruct Proto-Sino-Tibetan is very little known and many of the techniques carried out to analyze the decline of languages (fusion) Indo PIE do not apply to Chinese, a language insulation due to "lack morphologic, especially after the ancient Chinese.
Categorization of China's development is a subject of academic debate. One of the first systems was devised by the Swedish linguist Bernhard Karlgren in 1900, most current systems rely heavily on the ideas and methods of Karlgren.
Old China, sometimes known as "Archaic Chinese "was the common language in the early and middle Zhou Dynasty (1122 BCE256 AEC), of which include inscriptions on bronze artifacts, the poetry of the Shjng, Shjng history, and lots of Yjng (I Ching). The phonetic elements found in most of Chinese characters provide hints to their Old Chinese pronunciations. The pronunciation of Chinese characters taken from Japanese, Vietnamese, Korean also provide valuable information. Old Chinese was not wholly uninflected. He had a rich sound system in which aspiration or rough breathing differentiated the consonants, but probably was still without tones. Work on the reconstruction of China, started with Qng dynasty philologists. Some of the earliest Indo-European loanwords in Chinese has been proposed, in particular m "honey" sh "lion", and maybe I am "horse" qun "dog" and "chicken." The source said that the reconstruction of ancient Chinese are tentative and not final so no conclusions should be drawn. The reconstruction of ancient Chinese can not be perfect so this hypothesis can be doubted. The source also notes that the southern Chinese dialects are more monosyllabic words that dialects of Mandarin Chinese.
Chinese media is the language used in the dynasties of the South and North-Su, TNG and SNG dynasties (6th to 10th centuries AD). Can be divided into a first stage, is reflected in the book "Qiyn Glitter" (601 AD), and a period from the late 10th century, is reflected in the Gungyn "book of frost. Linguists are more confident of having reconstructed how Middle Chinese sounded. The evidence for the pronunciation of Middle Chinese comes from various sources: modern dialect variations, rhyming dictionaries, transliteration foreign, "rhyming tables" constructed by ancient Chinese philologists to summarize the phonetic system, and the Chinese phonetic translations of foreign words. However, all reconstructions are tentative, and some scholars have argued that the attempt to reconstruct, for example, modern Cantonese from modern biotechnology cantopop rhymes would rather inaccurate picture of the current speech.
Development of Chinese spoken languages from the earliest historical times to the present has been complex. Most Chinese people in Schüno and in a wide arc from the northeast (Manchuria) southwest (Yunnan), use various dialects Mandarin as their mother tongue. The prevalence of Mandarin throughout northern China is mainly due to China's northern plains. By contrast, the mountains and rivers of central and southern China pushes linguistic diversity.
Until the mid 20th century, China's southernmost only spoke their native local variety from China. In Nanjing was the capital during the early Ming dynasty, Nanjing Mandarin became dominant, at least until the last years of Qing Dynasty. Since the 17th century, the Qing Dynasty orthology was established academies (; Zhngyn Shyun) to conform to the standard pronunciation of the capital Beijing. For the general population, however, this had a limited effect. People who do not speak Mandarin in southern China also continued to use their languages for every aspect of life. Standard Mandarin Beijing court was used exclusively by public servants and therefore was quite limited.
This situation did not change until the mid 20th century with the creation (in both the PRC and the Republic of China, but not in Hong Kong) of the compulsory education system committed to Standard Mandarin teaching. As a result, Mandarin is spoken by the citizens of almost all young and middle-aged and Mainland China in Taiwan. Standard Cantonese, not Mandarin, is used in Hong Kong during the period of British colonial period (due to its large native Cantonese and people migrant) and remains the official language of education, formal speech and everyday life, but the Mandarin is increasingly influential after the handover in 1997.
Classical Chinese was once the lingua franca of the neighboring East Asian countries like Japan Korea and Vietnam for centuries before the rise of European influences the 19th century.
Influences on other languages
Throughout Chinese history and political culture has had a great influence on unrelated languages such as Korean and Japanese. Korean and Japanese both have writing systems employing Chinese characters (hanzi), which are called Hanja and Kanji, respectively.
The term Vietnam for Chinese writing is Hn t. He was the only available method for writing Vietnamese until the 14th century, used almost exclusively by Chinese-educated Vietnamese lites. From 14 to end 19th century, Vietnamese was written with Ch nm, a script modified by the incorporation of China sounds and syllables for native Vietnamese speakers. Ch nm was completely replaced by modified Latin script created by the Jesuit missionary priest Alexander de Rhodes, which incorporates a system of diacritical marks to indicate tones and consonants modified. Approximately 60% of the modern Vietnamese vocabulary is recognized as HN-Vi (between China and Vietnam), most of which was borrowed from Chinese media.
In South Korea, the Hangul alphabet is generally used but Hanja is used as a kind of bold. In North Korea, Hanja has been discontinued. Since the modernization of Japan in the 19th century, there was a debate to abandon the use of Chinese characters, but the practical benefits of a completely new script have so far not been considered sufficient.
In derived Chinese characters or Zhuang logograms writing songs, despite Zhuang is not a Chinese dialect. Since the 1950s, the Zhuang language has been written in a modified Latin alphabet.
Languages within the influence of Chinese culture also have a large number of Chinese loans. Fifty percent or more of Korean vocabulary is of Chinese origin, the same for a significant percentage of Japanese and Vietnamese vocabulary. China has also provided a lot of many features neighboring grammar of these languages and in particular the lack of gender and the use of classifiers. [Citation needed]
Loan words also exist in Chinese European languages like English. Examples of such words are "tea" in the pronunciation of Minnan (POJ: t), ketchup pronunciation Minnan of (koe-tsiap), and "kumquat" in the Cantonese pronunciation of Kuat kam ().
Phonology
For more specific information on the phonology of Chinese see the respective main articles of each spoken variety.
The phonological structure of each syllable is composed of a nucleus consisting a vowel (which may be a monophthong, diphthong, or even a triphthong in certain varieties) with an optional onset or coda consonants and tone. There are some cases where a vowel is not used as a nucleus. An example of this is in Cantonese, where the nasal sonorant consonants / m / y / / on its own as their own syllable.
In all spoken varieties, most syllables tend to be open syllables, meaning they have no coda, but syllables have codas are restricted to / m /, / n /, / /, / n /, / t /, / k /, or / /. Some varieties allow most of these codas, whereas others, such as Mandarin, are limited only two, namely / n / y / /. consonant clusters do not occur in the onset or coda. The onset may be an affricate or a consonant followed by a glide, but these are not generally considered consonant clusters.
The number of sounds in different spoken dialects varies, but generally it has been a tendency to a reduction the sounds of the average Chinese. The Mandarin dialects in particular have experienced a dramatic decrease in sounds and words also have done much that most varieties spoken multisyllabic others. The total number of syllables in some varieties, so only about a thousand, including the variation tonal, which is only one eighth as much as English.
All varieties of spoken use Chinese tones. A few dialects of north China may have only three tones, while some dialects in southern China up to 6 or 10 tones, depending on how you account. An exception to this is Shanghai, which has reduced the set of tones to a system of two-tone pitch accent like modern Japanese.
A common example used to illustrate the use of tones in Chinese are the four main tones of Mandarin standard applied to the syllable "ma." The shades correspond to the five characters:
(M) "mother" at IBC
(M) "Hemp" or "awkward" growing CIB
(M) "Horse" downward-upward ow
(M) "scold" CIB fall
(Ma) "is These particles "eutral
Listen to the tones
This is a recording of the four main tones. Fifth, or neutral, tone is not included.
Trouble hearing this file? Refer to the help of media.
Phonetic transcriptions
The Chinese did not have a uniform system of phonetic transcription, until the mid-20th century, although patterns of enunciation were recorded in the early frost books and dictionaries. The first translators of India working in Sanskrit and Pali, were the first to try to describe the sounds and patterns of pronunciation of Chinese in a foreign language. After the 15th century, the efforts of the Jesuits Western missionaries court and resulted in some rudimentary Latin transcription systems, based on the Nanjing dialect of Mandarin.
Romanization
Main article: Romanization of Chinese
Romanization is the process of transcription of a language in the Roman alphabet. There are many systems of romanization Chinese language because of the lack of a native phonetic transcription until modern times. China is the first known to have been written in Latin characters by Western Christian missionaries in the 16th century.
Today the most common standard for the romanization of Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin standard, often known simply as pinyin, introduced in 1956 by the People's Republic of China, and later adopted by Singapore (see Romanization of Chinese in Singapore) and Taiwan. Pinyin is almost universally now used for teaching standard spoken Chinese in schools and colleges across America, Australia and Europe. Parents also use Pinyin Chinese teaching their children the sounds and tones for teaching new words. Pinyin Romanization is usually below a picture of what the word represents, in Chinese character on the side.
The second most common romanization system, the Wade-Giles, was invented by Thomas Wade in 1859, as amended by Herbert Giles in 1892. As this system is close to the phonology of Mandarin Chinese in English consonants and vowels, ie a Anglicization, may be particularly useful for beginners Chinese speakers of English speaking background. Wade-Giles was found in academic use in the United States, especially before the 1980s, and until recently was largely used in Taiwan.
When used in European texts, transcripts of tone, both pinyin and Wade-Giles are often excluded for simplicity, use Wade-Giles general also tends to omit apostrophes. Thus, Western readers will be much more familiar with Beijing that they will Bijng (pinyin) and Taipei T'ai-pei (Wade-Giles).
Here are some examples of Hanyu Pinyin and Wade-Giles, for comparison:
Comparison of romanization Mandarin
Characters
Wade-Giles
Hanyu Pinyin
Notes
Chung1-kuo
Zhnggu
"China"
Pei-ching1
Bijng
Capital of the People's Republic of China
T'ai-pei
Tibi
Capital of the Republic of China
Mao Tse-tung1
Mo Zdng
Former Communist Chinese leader
Chiang-shih Chieh4
Jing Jish
Former Chinese Nationalist leader (better known to English speakers as Chiang Kai-shek, with pronunciation Cantonese)
Tsu K'ung
Z Kng
"Confucius"
Other systems of romanization of Chinese Romatzyh Gwoyeu include the French EFEO the Yale University (invented during the Second World War for the U.S. troops), and separate systems for Cantonese, Minnan, Hakka and other Chinese languages or dialects.
Other phonetic transcriptions
Chinese languages have been phonetically transcribed in many other writing systems over the centuries. The script Phags-pa, for example, has been very helpful in reconstructing the pronunciation of the pre-modern forms of Chinese.
Zhuyin (also called Bopomofo), a semi-syllabic is still widely used in elementary schools in Taiwan to help standard pronunciation. Although the characters are reminiscent Bopomofo katakana writing, there is no source justify the claim that Katakana was the basis for the system Zhuyin. A table comparing the pinyin Zhuyin to Article Zhuyin exists. Based on pinyin syllables and Zhuyin can also be compared by looking at the following items:
Pinyin table
Zhuyin table
There are at least two systems for Chinese Cyrillization. The most widespread is the Palladium system.
Grammar and morphology
Main article: Chinese grammar
Modern China has often been erroneously classified as a "monosyllabic" language. Although most are single-syllable morphemes, modern China today is much less a monosyllabic language in which nouns, adjectives and verbs are largely di-syllabic. The tendency to create bisyllabic words in modern Chinese language, especially Mandarin, has been particularly pronounced compared to classical Chinese. Classical Chinese language is a highly insulating, with each morpheme generally corresponds to one syllable and character Single, Modern Chinese, however, has the tendency to form new words through disyllabic, trisyllabic and agglutination of tetra-character. In fact, some Linguists argue that the modern classification of China as an isolating language is misleading, for this reason alone.
China morphology is strictly linked a certain number of syllables with a fairly rigid construction which are the morphemes, the smallest blocks of language. While many of these morphemes a syllable (z, in Chinese) can be kept as one word, no more frequently than are multi-syllabic compounds, known as c (), which is closer the traditional Western notion of a word. A c Chinese (ORD) may consist of more than one character-morpheme, usually two, but there can be three or more.
For example:
Yun strong (traditional)
Strong Yun (Simplified)
Hanbaobao / Hanbao Amburgo (Traditional)
Hanbaobao / Hanbao "hamburger" (Simplified)
Oh, me
Eople Ren
Diqiu Arth (globosity)
Shandi ightning (Traditional)
Shandi "lightning" (Simplified)
Meng ream (Traditional)
Meng "dream" (Simplified)
All varieties of modern Chinese languages are analytical since they depend on syntax (word order and sentence structure) rather than morphology.e., Changes in the form of a word to indicate a function of the word in a prayer. In other words, China has inflectionst has some grammatical tenses, no voices, no number (singular, plural, but there are markers for the plural, for example for personal pronouns), and only a few items (ie, equivalent to "one, one" in English). There are, however, a difference gender in the written language (as "he" and "she"), but it should be noted that this is a relatively new introduction in the language Chinese in the twentieth century.
They make extensive use of grammatical particles to indicate aspect and mood. In Mandarin Chinese, this involves the use of particles similar to LE, hai, Yi Jing, etc.
Chinese features Subject Verb Object word order, and like many other languages in East Asia, makes frequent use of the building item-to form sentences. China also has an extensive system of classifiers and meters, another trait shared with the surrounding languages like Japanese and Korean. View classifiers Chinese for a wide coverage of this issue.
Other notable grammatical features common to all spoken varieties of Chinese include the use of verbal construction series, dropping the pronoun and neglect issues.
Although the grammars of spoken varieties share many traits, they have differences. See Chinese grammar to the grammar of Standard Mandarin (standard Chinese spoken language), and articles on other varieties of Chinese for their respective grammars.
Tones and homophones
Modern official has spoken Mandarin monosyllabic only 400, but more than 10,000 written characters, so there are many homophones are distinguished only by the four tones. Even that is not always sufficient unless the context and exact phrase or C is identified.
J The mono-syllable, tone first Standard Mandarin, corresponds to the following characters: the chicken, machine, base, (a) hit, hunger, and the sum. In his speech, a monosyllable glyphing its meaning must be determined by the context or relation to other morphemes (eg "some" as in the opposite of "nothing"). Speakers native may indicate which words or phrases in their names are drawn for ease of writing: jio Mngzi Jiyng, Jilng Jing ji, yng Ynggu of "My name is Jiyng, the Jialing River and Jia ying in the short form in Chinese of the United Kingdom. "
southern Chinese dialects such as Cantonese and Hakka preserved more than the average Chinese rhyme and have more tones. The above examples of j, for example, to "stimulate", "chicken" and "machinery" have different pronunciations Cantonese (romanized using Jyutping): gik1, and gei1 gai1 respectively. For this reason, the southern varieties tend to use fewer words in the multi-syllabic.
Vocabulary
This section does not cite any references or sources.
Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. material references may be challenged and removed. (July 2009)
The whole Chinese character corpus since antiquity has over 20,000 characters, of which only about 10,000 are in common use. However Chinese characters should not be confused with Chinese words, since most Chinese words consist of two or more characters different, there are times that words are more Chinese characters.
Estimates of the total number of Chinese words and phrases are varied. The Hanyu Da zidian, a compendium "all inclusive" of Chinese characters, includes 54,678 head entries for characters, including bone oracle versions. The Zihai Zhonghua (1994) contains 85 568 head entries for character definitions, and is the largest reference work based solely on the literary character and its variants.
The most pure full linguistic dictionary in Chinese, the Hanyu Da 12-flowing Cidian, the records of more than 23,000 Chinese characters head, and gives over 370,000 definitions. The revised Cihai 1999, a multi-volume encyclopedic dictionary reference work, gives 122,836 vocabulary entry definitions in 19 485 Chinese characters, including the names own, common phrases and zoological, geographical, sociological point of view, science and technology.
The last issue of 2007 of 5 Xiandai Cidian Hanyu, a dictionary of authority in a single volume on modern Chinese standard language used in mainland China, with 65,000 entries and 11,000 characters defined head.
Loanwords
See also: transcription and translation of Chinese neologisms in Chinese characters
Like any other language, Chinese has absorbed a considerable amount of loans of other cultures. Most Chinese words are formed from native Chinese morphemes, including words that describe the objects imported ideas. However, direct loans of foreign words phonetically has occurred since ancient times.
The words taken from the Silk Road from Ancient Chinese include "grape", "pomegranate" and "lion." Some words are taken from Buddhist scriptures, including "Buddha" and "Bodhisattva. Other words came from the northern nomadic peoples, like "hutong". The words taken from the towns along the Silk Road, such as the "grape" (in Mandarin PTO) generally have Persian etymologies. Buddhist terminology is generally derived from the Sanskrit and Pli, liturgical language of northern India. The words taken from the nomadic tribes of the Gobi, Mongolia and northeast regions typically have Altaic etymologies as "PPA" Chinese lute, or "cheese" or "yoghurt", but exactly what Altaic source is not always entirely clear.
Modern borrowing and lending
Modern Chinese neologisms are translated in three main ways: free translation (by meaning), phonetic translation (for sound) and a combination the previous two (partially transcriptive with careful selection of character encoding meaning). Today, it is much more common to use morphemes existing Chinese coin new words to represent imported concepts, such as technical expressions. Any Latin or Greek etymologies are dropped and the corresponding characters make the realization of Chinese sense (eg, anti-usually becomes "literally next door), making more comprehensible for Chinese but introducing more difficulties in understanding foreign texts. For example, the phone was given the word, phonetically (Shanghai: tlfon [tlfo], Standard Mandarin: dlfng) during the 1920s and widely used in Shanghai, but later the Japanese (dinhu "speech Electric "), made of native Chinese morphemes became common. Other examples include (Dinsho" electric vision ") for television, (Dinno "electric brain") to the computer, (shuj "hand machine") for the mobile phone, and (lny "Blue tooth") Bluetooth. (WNG zh "web log") for the blog in Cantonese people in Hong Kong and Macao. Occasionally half-transliteration, commitments half-translation are accepted, such as (hnbo bo, "Hamburg bread") for hamburger. Sometimes translations are designed so that sounds like the original, while incorporating Chinese morphemes, such as (tulj, "tractor", literally "dragging-pulling machine") or to the character Mario video game. This is often done for commercial purposes, for example (bntng "run jumping) and Pentium processors (Sibiwi" tastes better than a hundred ") Subway for restaurants.
foreign words, especially proper nouns (names of people, places), continue to enter the Chinese language by transcript according to their pronunciations. This is done by employing Chinese characters with similar pronunciation. For example, "Israel" becomes (pinyin: ysli) "Paris" becomes (pinyin: bl.) A fairly small number of direct transliterations have survived as common words, including sofa SHF "," md "motor", "yum" mood ", luj" logic "shmo" smart, fashionable and xisdl "hysterical." Most of these words was originally coined in the dialect of Shanghai during the early 20th century and were subsequently given in Mandarin, so that their pronunciation Mandarin may be quite out of English. For example, in Shanghai actually sound more like the English "sofa" and "motor".
Western foreign words have been influential in the Chinese language since the 20th century, through the transcript. From France came (bli, "ballet") (Xingbn, "champagne"), through Italian (FKI, "caff"). The influence is felt especially English. From early Shanghai the 20th century, many English words are borrowed. for example. the above (SHF "sofa"), (yum "humor"), and (Corfe, "golf"). Later U.S. soft influences gave rise to (dsk, "disco"), (kl, "tail") and (mn, "mini (skirt)"). Contemporary colloquial Cantonese has loans other than the strips as the English (cartoons), (Homosexuals), (taxi), (bus). With the growing popularity Internet is not a current fad in China for coining English transliterations, for example. (FNS, 'fans'), (hik, 'Hacker', literally "Black guest"), (BLUG, blog, literally "networked tribes") in Taiwanese Mandarin.
Another result of Chinese influence is in English the appearance of the call (with lyrics-words) texts written in letters of foreign alphabets Modern Chinese. This has appeared in magazines, newspapers, websites web and on the TV screen: three-generation mobile phones (one of three generations + + ji shou, mobile phones), IT "IT environment" HSK (Hanyu Shuiping Kaoshi), GB (Guobiao), CIF (Cost, Insurance, Freight + Jia4 price), and 'Home Electronics (OME jia1ting1), the generation W' Wireless (shi2dai4 eneration), request, TV, "post PC" (after Hou / post + PC + ersonal computer times dai shi), etc.
Since the 20th century, Japan has been another source. Using kanji, Chinese characters are used in the Japanese language, Japanese re-shaped European concepts and inventions in wasei-Kango (literally Japanese-made in China), and re-rendered many of these modern Chinese. Examples include dinhu (, Denwa "phone") shhu (, Shakai, "society"), kxu (, Kagaku "science") and chuxing (, chsh, "abstract"). Other terms were coined by the Japanese by giving new senses to existing Chinese terms or by reference to terms used in classical Chinese literature. For example, jngj (, Keizai) in the original Chinese for "the operation of the state", merely the "Economy" in Japanese, this definition was reduced reimported then the Chinese. As a result, these terms are virtually indistinguishable from native Chinese words: indeed, there is controversy about some of these terms as to whether the Japanese or the Chinese first coined. As a result of this process of comings and goings ", Chinese, Korean, Japanese and Vietnamese share a linguistic corpus of terms describing modern terminology, in parallel with a similar corpus of terms built from Greco-Latin terms shared among European languages.
Learn Chinese
See also: Chinese as a Foreign or Second Language
With the growing importance and influence of Chinese economy in the world, teaching Mandarin is gaining popularity in U.S. schools, and has become an increasingly popular topic of study among young people in the Western world, as in the United Kingdom.
In 1991 there were 2,000 foreign students in China's official China Aptitude Test (comparable to English Certificate Cambridge), while in 2005, the number of candidates has increased sharply to 117 660.
See also
China portal
Chinese characters
China exclamatory particle
Chinese honorifics
China classifier
Chinese number gestures
Chinese numbers
Chinese punctuation
Classical Chinese grammar
Four language characters
Han unification
Haner language
HSK test
Chinese Languages
North American Conference on Chinese Linguistics
N shu
References
DeFrancis, John (1984). The Chinese language: Fact and Fantasy. University of Hawaii. ISBN 0-8248-1068-6.
Hanna, William C. (1997). Spelling Dilemma Asia. University of Hawaii. ISBN 0-8248-1892-X.
Norman, Jerry (1988). Chinese. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-29653-6.
Qiu, Xigui (2000). The Chinese writing. Society for the Study of Ancient China and the Institute of East Asian Studies at the University of California, Berkeley. ISBN 1-55729-071-7.
Ramsey, Robert S. (1987). Languages China. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-01468-X.
Footnotes
^ Http: / / www.china-language.gov.cn/ (Chinese)
http://mandarin.org.sg/html/home.htm ^ [Link] dead
^ * David Crystal, The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), p. 312. that mutual unintelligibility of the varieties is the main basis to refer to them as separate languages.
Charles N. Li, Sandra A. Thompson. Mandarin Chinese: functional reference grammar (1989), p 2. the family of the Chinese language is genetically classified as an independent branch of the family of Sino-Tibetan languages.
Jerry Norman. China (1988), p. 1. that Chinese dialects modern are actually more like a language family.
John DeFrancis. The Chinese language: fact and fantasy (1984), p.56. "For the Chinese call a unique language composite dialects with varying degrees of difference is misleading minimizing disparities, according to Chao as great as those between English and Dutch. For the Chinese call a family of languages is to suggest that extra-linguistic differences are not really there and overlook the only linguistic situation that occurs in China. "
^ Mair, Victor H. (1991). "What is a Chinese" Dialect / Topolect? Reflections on some key terms Sino-English language (PDF). Sino-Platonic Papers. http://sino-platonic.org/complete/spp029_chinese_dialect.pdf.
^ The analysis of the concept of "wave" in the PST.
Sv ^ Encyclopedia Britannica "Chinese": "Old Chinese vocabulary already contained many words not generally occurring in other Sino-Tibetan languages. The words of Oney and ions, and probably also orse, 'og', and OOSE, "are connected with Indo-European that were acquired through trade and early contacts. (The nearest known Indo-European languages were Tocharian and Sogdian, half Iranian language.) A series of words Austroasiatic have cognates and point to the first contacts with the ancestral language of Muong-Vietnamese and Mon-Khmer, Jan Ulenbrook, Einige bereinstimmungen Chinesische zwischen dem und dem Indogermanischen (1967) proposed items 57, see also Tsung-Tung Chang, 1988 Indo-European ancient Chinese vocabulary;.
Sheng Ding and Robert A. ^ * Saunders, speaking of China: an analysis of China's growing power and cultural global promotion of Chinese East Asia, Summer 2006, vol. 23, No. 2, pp. 4
^ Zhou, Minglang: Multilingualism in China: The Politics of Writing Reforms for Minority Languages, 1949-2002 (Walter de Gruyter 2003), ISBN 3-11-017896-6, p. 251 258.
^ DeFrancis (1984) p. 42 counts for having 1277 Chinese tonal syllables, and about 398-418 when taking into account the tone, citing Jespersen, Otto (1928) Monosyllabism in English, London, p. 15 for a count of over 8000 syllables for English.
^ BBC NEWS | UK | Magazine | How hard is it to learn Chinese?
^ (Chinese) "200 512", Xinhua News Agency, January 16, 2006.
Other readings
ABC Chinese-English Comprehensive Dictionary. Publisher: Juan de Francisco. (2003) University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0-8248-2766-X.
ABC Dictionary of the ancient Chinese. Axel Schuessler. 2007. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu. ISBN 978-0-8248-2975-9.
External Links
Chinese edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Keys to Chinese Language: Books IIoogle Paper
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Chinese language (s)
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Northeast Jiao-Liao Ji Lu Zhongyuan Lanyin Southwestern Taiwanese Mandarin Beijing Jianghuai Xuzhou Dungan Karamay Jinan Kunming Luoyang Nanjing Qingdao Shenyang Sichuan Dalian Harbin Weihai Guanzhong
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1 times in Europe, depending on the border definitions. 2 Its official name is Myanmar. 3 Sometimes included in Oceania, and also known as Timor-Leste. 4 country transcontinental. 5 Commonly known as Taiwan.
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