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Videophone

Descriptive names and terminology
See also: List of video telecommunications services and product brands
modern trend: new units, such as Nortel IP model 1535, have migrated away from the slow POTS lines to ISDN for higher-speed broadband and VoIP services
The videophone name is not as standardized as its earlier counterpart, the phone, resulting in a variety of names and terms that are used throughout the world, and even within the same region or country. Videophones are also known as videophones (or video phones) and often by a trademarked name in early "Picturephone" which was the world's first commercial videophone produced in volume. The compound name 'videophone' gradually became general use after 1950, even though the "video phone" probably earlier entered the lexicon after 'video' was coined in 1935.
videoconferencing calls (or video calls), video conferencing differ on which they hope to serve individuals, not groups. However, this distinction has increasingly blurred with technological improvements, such as greater bandwidth and sophisticated software clients that can allow multiple parties in a call. In general daily use of videoconferencing term is often used instead of video call for calls from point to point between two units. Both videophone calls and videoconferencing are also commonly referred to as a video link. "
Webcams are popular, relatively inexpensive devices that can provide video and audio streams through personal computers, and can be used with software customers many of the video calls.
A videoconferencing system the cost is usually higher than a videophone and displays a greater capacity. A videoconference (also known as videoteleconference) allows two or more places communicate via live video simultaneously in both directions and audio transmissions. This is often accomplished by using a multipoint control unit (a distribution and centralized call management system) or a similar non-centralized multipoint capability built into each unit of video. Once again, technology improvements have circumvented the traditional definitions of videoconferencing, allowing more responsibility through web-based applications. A single-page article is dedicated the videoconference.
A telepresence system is a videoconferencing system and service quality usually employed by the corporate offices at the enterprise level. rooms telepresence conference using the state of the art room designs, video cameras, screens, sound systems and processors, along with the band transmissions Widescreen high to very high capacity.
Typical applications of various technologies described above include videocalling or videoconferencing in a one-on-one, one-to-many or base of many to many for personal, commercial, educational, Tele-Relay deaf and tele-medicine, diagnostic use and rehabilitation services. New video conferencing services and videocalling using, as a personal video calls to inmates held in prisons, and videoconferencing to solve engineering problems keeping Airline facilities are being created or in development on an ongoing basis.
Other names for 'videophone' which in English have been used are: Viewphone (the British equivalent to AT & T Telecom Picturephone) and videophone, a common French translation has also crept into use limited English and over twenty less common names and expressions. Latin translations of base 'Videophone' in other languages include vidophone (French), bildtelefon (German), videophone (Italian), both videfono and videotelfono (Spanish), both beeldtelefoon and videofoon (Dutch) and videophone (Catalan).
Children and Youth
Fiction becomes reality: an imaginary combination of videoconferencing in early television, designed by George du Maurier, published in 1878. Note the use of both contemporary speakers then the father in the foreground and daughter in the display.
Just two years after the telephone was first patented in the United States, an initial concept of a combined TV Videophone this guy named telephonoscope was conceptualized in popular magazines of the time. It was also mentioned in various science fiction works such as Le sicle first Vingtime: lectrique La Vie (The 20th Century: The Life Electric) and other works written by Albert Robida, and also outlined the different cartoons of George du Maurier as a fictional invention of Thomas Edison. A sketch as was published on December 9, 1878 in the magazine Punch.
The term was also used Telectroscope in 1878 by the French writer and publisher Louis Figuier, to popularize misinterpreted as a real invention and incorrectly attributed to Alexander Graham Bell. Written under the pseudonym of "Electrician" Article argued that an "eminent scientist" had invented a device whereby the objects or people anywhere in the world could "…. seen in any part of anyone. "The device, among other things, allow merchants to transmit images of their products to their customers, and content of museum collections and made available to scholars in distant cities. In the era before the advent of broadcasting power to "see" the devices were viewed as supplementary to the phone, thus creating the concept of a videophone.
In April 1891, Alexander Graham Bell came true record notes Radiotelephone on a conceptual power, considered the possibility of seeing "…. by electricity "through devices that use tellurium or selenium image components. Bell was later to predict that "… the day would come when the man on the phone would be able to see the distant person to whom he was talking about. "
The compound name 'videophone' gradually came into general use since 1950, although your video's probably entered the lexicon before after 'video' was coined in 1935. Before that time there seemed no standard terms for 'video phone, "with expressions such as visual radio 'view television system sound," and almost 20 (in English) used to describe the marriage of telegraph, telephone, television and radio technologies used in early experiments.
A pioneer of videoconferencing technology teleostereograph machine was developed by AT & T Bell Labs in the 1920s, which was a precursor of today's fax (facsimile) machines. In 1927 AT & T had created his first video electro-mechanical operating at 18 frames per second, occupied half a room full of equipment cabinets. One of the first tests U.S. in 1927 had his then Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover address an audience in New York from Washington, DC, although the audio was part of two routes, the video was one way to New York only able to see Hoover.
First video phone service
The world's first public telephone service video was developed by Dr. Georg Schubert and opened by the German Reichspost screens in 1936 with 8-inch square (20 cm), but quickly closed in the Second World War due to the 1940. [Citation needed] In this trial service, video telephone lines connected Berlin to Nuremberg, Munich and Hamburg with integrated terminals positions in public telephones and transmitted in the same resolution as the first German television, 440 lines. [Citation needed] The service was offered to the public in general had to visit while special functions videophone booths office in their respective cities, but at the same time, also had Nazi connotations policy and propaganda similar to the broadcast of the 1936 Olympics in Berlin.
The postal service Deutsche Bundespost later develop and deploy its network video telephony BIGFON 1981-1988, serving several large German cities.
AT & T Picturephone
Three views of AT & T Advanced
Mod II Picturephone 1969
for office or personal use
AT & T Picturephone (Mod. II) completely enclosed in your home, your control panel at bottom
right lateral view, the housing removed, one of the circuit boards exposed
A view expressed in the Picturephone rear circuit board
AT & T in the United States carried out extensive research and development of videophones, leading to public demonstrations of its trademark product Picturephone and service in the 1960s, including the 1964 World's Fair in New York. Demonstration units generally used small oval houses on trunnions, support for desktops. Similar Picturephone AT & T units were also presented at the Association Hall Phone Canada (the "Bell Pavilion) at Expo 67, a World Fair held in Montreal, Canada in 1967. Demonstration units were available in these fairs for the public to test, with fairground may make videoconferencing calls to beneficiaries volunteers elsewhere.
The United States does not see his first video phones until 1964, when AT & T installed its first commercial videoconferencing units, the Picturephone Mod I, booths in three cities: New York, Washington, DC and Chicago. Picturephone booths were set up in Grand Central Station New York and other places. With great fanfare, PicturePhone Also installed in the offices of Westinghouse in Pittsburgh, and progressive companies. However, the use of reserve time slots and the initial cost of U.S. $ 16 Attempts to contact three minutes to public booths limited its appeal to the point that were discontinued in 1968.
Unrelated difficulties at New York Telephone also slowed from AT & T efforts, and few customers registered on the service in any city. A CNN report on 6 September 2001 stated that the service Picturephone only had a total of 500 subscribers at its peak, and the service faded into the 1970s. [Edit] AT & T Mod I initial and updated their programs Picturephone Mod II, researched mainly in its Bell Labs, spanned 15 years and consumed U.S. $ 500,000,000, eventually meeting with the commercial failure. AT & T concluded that its principles of videophone is a concept in search of a market "and has abandoned its Picturephone service in late 1970. Research programs and development carried out by Bell Labs were highly significant for the beyond-the-state-of-art results produced in materials science, advanced telecommunications, microelectronics and information technology.
Color Picturephone AT & T was not employed with their first models. These units Picturephone Plumbicon packed cameras and small CRT screens inside their homes. The cameras were at the top of the screens to help users see eyes. See this section for more information about the technology Picturephone. Later generation screens were bigger than in units initial demonstration, about six inches (15 cm) square in a roughly cubical cabinet.
AT & T VideoPhone 2500 then market their public in general from 1992-1995, with prices starting at U.S. $ 1,500 and later reduced to $ 1,000, again with very little commercial success.
Other Devices Advance: 19761999
The Lumaphone was developed and marketed by Atari and Mitsubishi in 1985. The project was initiated by the division of the company Ataritel Atari video game in 1983 under the direction of Atari Steve Bristow. Atari later sold its division of Mitsubishi in 1984. The Lumaphone was marketed by Mitsubishi Electric America in 1986 as the Luma LU-1000. Like the Bell Telephone Labs image transfer early 1956, images could be transmitted every 35 seconds through analog POTS lines, and may also be connected to a TV or monitor to improve teleconferencing. A larger video image was available linking Keep checking their optional LU-500 screen.
Intel (1993) was a quasi wireless videophone with still images and video clip transfer nonliving
Intellect is a neo-or prototype wireless videophone. It was developed in 1993 by inventor Daniel A. Henderson, and was still images and video transfers do not live clip. The pioneering system and the device were designed to receive video images and data sent from a sender to a message center for transmission and display device phone as a cell phone.
The intellect is essentially a cell phone with a large black and white screen that could display still images and clips downloaded video remotely from a computer via a wireless transmitter. The data transfer protocols for the first time in the design were deployed intellect later with the common camera phones released in early 2000. However, the full integration of cell phone, digital camera and infrastructure wireless transmission would take some years to complete. The prototypes were donated to the Smithsonian's National American History in 2007.
The general lack public acceptance
This section is called "The general lack of public acceptance" is missing citations or needs footnotes. By Please help add online dating to avoid copyright violations and factual inaccuracies. (December 2009)
Early AT & T had PicturePhone few users, partly because the service was relatively expensive, approximately U.S. $ 90 per month in 1974. However, as modern technology reduces the costs of nominal (See: web camera and UMTS), videophone calling continued to be used marginally. This contrasts with many views early, overly optimistic that would become ubiquitous video telephony.
One reason may be that even today videophone call is an analogue of the poor face to face conversation. mobile video users also tend to look at the video screen and not on the video camera, causing the eyes to take a look unnatural uncomfortable because the camera is generally positioned away only screen in almost every videocalling enabled mobile phones.
Another reason may be unless people really desire to be faithful in his communication, as evidenced by the popularity of written conversation (ie, text messaging and instant messaging that are commonly available on all cell phones and video chat programs.)
Although you could also say that for users who benefit greatly from videoconferencing services (for example, members of a family that lives far away and can have a strong desire, but few opportunities for conversations face to face), the costs are still largely ban mobile video calls: low-cost solutions such calls (such as on Hutchison 3 Skype enabled mobile phones) apply only to a handful of countries from late 2008.
Current use
The ultimate reduction personal mobile video call between Sweden and Singapore made on a Sony-Ericsson K800
The increased deployment of video telephony services now presented on mobile phones, like almost all mobile phones supporting UMTS networks can work as videophones using its inner chambers, and are capable to make video calls wirelessly to other users of UMTS in the same country or internationally. [Citation needed] From the second quarter of 2007, more than 131 million UMTS users (and therefore potential users of video conferencing), in 134 networks in 59 countries. [Citation needed]
Videophones are increasingly used in the provision of telemedicine to the elderly and people in remote areas, where ease and convenience of quickly obtaining services medical diagnosis and consultation are evident. In one case cited in 2006: "A nurse at the clinic aimed at Letham has received a positive response a test of a video link that allowed 60 pensioners to be assessed by doctors without becoming a doctor or medical clinic. " Another improvement in telemedicine services has been the development of new technologies incorporated in special videophones to enable remote diagnostic services as the level of blood sugar, blood pressure and vital signs monitoring. These units are capable of transmitting audio-video much more medical data more normal While the standard (POTS) telephone lines or broadband latest.
Video telephony has also been deployed in the business conference, available through the use of boards of public access videoconferencing. A higher level of video conferencing using advanced telecommunication technologies and high screens resolution is called telepresence.
Today the principles, if not the precise mechanisms of a videophone are employed by many users around the world as webcam video calls using personal computers with inexpensive webcams and microphones without videocalling web client programs. Thus, an activity that was disappointing as a separate service found a niche as a minor feature in the software products intended for other purposes.
A videoconference also can be created using an old computer or low-cost and commitment to run as a video softphone. [Citation needed] This shows that some users may want to use videophones conventional use, but is likely to trade ease of use to reduce costs.
Some have argued that unless conventional videophones add considerable value at low cost, and provided less costly alternatives (such as webphone) is available, it is unlikely that videophones will become Dedicated popular. [Citation needed]
Sign language communication via video telephony
Main articles: Video Relay Service, a telecommunications service for people with hearing difficulties and difficulties in speech (silence) individuals to communicate with hearing people in a different place and Video Remote Interpreting, used in deaf / hard of hearing / dumb people are in the same location as part of their audience
Video Interpreter sign used in VRS / VRI service centers
One of the first demonstrations of the ability of telecommunications to help sign language users communicate with each other occurred when AT & T videoconferencing (as the trademark 'Picturephone') was introduced to the public in 1964 New York World's opinion Fair deaf users could communicate freely with each other, between the exhibition and another city. Several organizations have also conducted research on the firm through video telephony.
Videophones are used by those who are deaf, hard of hearing or speech impaired to communicate with sign language both among themselves and with hearing people. In the United States Federal Communication Commission compensates companies to provide "Relay Services video to the deaf, hard of hearing and speech difficulty. These people can use a videophone to talk with others through an interpreter sign language, which uses a conventional telephone at the same time to communicate with the deaf party. Several other countries also provide transmission video and remote interpretation services for deaf people.
Videophones are used to make the translation of sign language in place through of Video Remote Interpreting (VRI). The relatively low cost and widespread availability of UMTS mobile phones with video calling capabilities have given new possibilities for deaf people to communicate as easily as others, with some wireless carriers, including walkways free implementation language signs. [Citation needed]
A deaf or mute with a video relay service to communicate with a hearing person
Signature of interpreter services Language through Video Remote Interpreting (VRI) or a video relay service (VRS) are useful in the present, where one party is deaf, hard hearing or speech impaired (silence). In these cases the flow of the interpretation is usually in the same primary language, like French Sign Language (FSL) for spoken French, Spanish Sign Language (SSL) to spoken Spanish, British Sign Language (BSL) and spoken English to American Sign Language (ASL) also speaks English (BSL and ASL are completely different from), etc. These activities involve a considerable effort by the translator, since sign languages are different natural languages with their own construction and syntax, different from the phonetic version of the same principal language.
With the interpretation of video, sign language interpreters to work remotely with Live video and audio, so that the interpreter can see the match deaf or mute, and converse with the hearing, and vice versa. As telephone interpreting, video interpreting can be used for situations in which no sites have interpreters. However, the video interpretation can not be used for situations in which all parties are on the phone alone. VRI and interpretation VRS requires all parties to have the necessary equipment. Some advanced equipment allows interpreters to remotely control the video camera in order to bring and out or to point the camera at the party you're signing.
More information: The language of signs and language interpretation
Technology
Bandwidth requirements
See also: Broadband Internet Access
Videophones have historically used a variety of bandwidths transmission and reception, which can be understood as a data transmission speed. The lower the transmission / reception bandwidth, lower speed data transfer, resulting in a more limited and poor image quality. data transfer rates and quality of live video image are related, but also are subject to other factors such as data compression techniques. Some employees videophones beginning very low data rates with a quality transmission video that is incomplete.
bandwidth broadband is often called "high speed", because it usually has a high transmission rate data. In general, any connection of 256 kbit / s (0.256 Mbit / s) or more is considered more concisely broadband Internet. The International Union Standardization Sector (ITU-T) recommendation I.113 has defined broadband as a transmission capacity of 1.5 to 2 Mbit / s. States U.S. Federal Communications Commission definition of broadband is 768 kbit / s (0.8 Mbit / s).
Currently, the video is suitable for certain purposes makes it possible to lower data rates that the definition of ITU-T Broadband, with rates of 768 kbit / s, 384 kbit / s used for some video conferencing applications, and rates as low as 100 kbit per second used for videophones with H.264/MPEG-4 AVC compression protocols. The latest MPEG-4 video format and compression Audio can be transmitted high-quality video at 2 Mbit / s, which is located at the lower end of the cable modem and ADSL broadband performance. [Citation needed]
Picturephone technology
Deutsche Telekom T-100 View rate ISDN videoconferencing for home offices and small businesses with a lens cap that can be rotated above to ensure privacy when needed
The video bandwidth of Picturephone was 1 MHz, with a scan rate of 30 Hz vertical, horizontal scan rate of 8 kHz, and about 250 visible scan lines. [Citation needed] The team includes a handsfree speaker phone, with a picture addition to control transmission image. Each line Picturephone used three twisted pairs of standard telephone cable, two pairs for video and one for audio and signaling. cable amplifiers were within about a mile (1.6 kilometers) with a filter function of six-band EQ adjustable. For distances greater than about few kilometers, the signal was digitized at 2 MHz and 3 bits per sample DPCM and transmitted on a carrier T-2. [Citation needed]
The original system used Picturephone crossbar and contemporary multi-frequency operation. Lines and trunks of six wires, one pair in each direction for the video and a pair of two way audio. MF address signaling on the audio pair was supplemented with a video monitoring of the signal (VSS) by turning around in the yard to ensure video continuity. More sophisticated protocols were adopted later conference. [Citation needed]
To implement Picturephone new broadband service crossbar switches were designed and installed at exchange offices 5XB Bell System, the most widespread of the relatively modern kinds. [Citation needed] Hundreds of technicians attended schools to learn to manage cable Equalizer Test Set and other equipment, and install PicturePhone.
AT & T later commercialization, the VideoPhone 2500 to the general public from 1992 to 1995. [Edit] was limited by the speed of connection of the analog telephone line of about 19 Kilobits per second, with the video portion of 11 200 bits / s, with a maximum speed of 10 frames per second, but usually much smaller. The VideoPhone 2500 used technology proprietary protocols. [Citation needed]
Call Setup
Videoconferencing in the 20th century was limited to the H.323 protocol (notably Cisco's SCCP application was an exception), but the new video phones often use SIP, which is often easier to set up home network environments. [Citation needed] H.323 is still used, but more often for conferencing business, while SIP is more commonly used in personal consumer videophones. A number Call-setup method based instant messaging protocols such as Skype also now offer video content. An open system is the main source SIP CounterPath Corp., which provides support to British Telecom, Deutsche Telekom, Sprint, Telmex, AT & T CallVantage, and the Cisco Unified Communications and Verizon. [Citation needed]
Another protocol used by videophones is H.324, a mix of call setup and video compression. Videophones that work on telephone lines often use regular H.324, but the bandwidth is limited by the modem to around 33 kbit / s, which limits the video quality and frame rate. A version H.324 call slightly modified 3G-324M defined by 3GPP is also used by some mobile phones that allow video calls, usually only for use in UMTS networks. [Citation needed]
There is also standard H.320, which specifies technical requirements for narrow band visual telephone systems and terminal equipment, typically for videoconferencing and videoconferencing. It applies mainly to the switching network based on dedicated circuits (point to point of) bandwidth connection moderate or high, as through your ISDN protocol medium digital bandwidth or high bandwidth fractional T1 lines. Products based on standard modern H.320 usually also support H.323 standard.
Videophones in popular culture
In many science fiction films and television programs that are established in the future, videophones are used as the primary method of communication. One of the first films to be used a videophone was Fritz Lang Metropolis. Other famous examples of videophones include 2001: A Space Odyssey, Space 1999 Star Trek, Total Recall and Blade Runner. It noted that the video was a staple, technology every day in the futuristic Hanna Barbera cartoon The Jetsons.
In the literature science fiction, other various names used to include vidphone videophone, videophone and viewphone.
A video was featured on the Warner Bros. 1944 cartoons, "Plane Lucas", in which the woman spy Hatta Mari uses videoconferencing to communicate with Adolph Hitler.
In the British cartoon Dangermouse, where the title character regularly communicated with headquarters via videophones in both his home and car.
A device with the same functionality has been used by the cartoon character Dick Tracy since 1964. TV called "2-Way Wrist", the fictional detective often uses the phone to communicate with police headquarters.
AT & T VideoPhone 2500 prototypes are visible in the movie Gremlins 2: The New Batch.
In the TV show animated Futurama, the videophone is often used in spacecraft to provide services.
Videophones are occasionally used in the anime Pokemon.
A "Picturephone" is used in the Simpsons episode "Lisa's Wedding."
The singer Beyoncé Knowles released a single called video phone of his 2008 album "I Am … Sasha Fierce"
Popular U.S. TV talk show Oprah Winfrey built-in video telephony on TV a regular basis from May 21, 2009, with an initial episode called "If the Skype are you?" As part of an agreement with the company marketing Skype Internet telecommunications.
See also
3GP
Camera phone
Team information
List of telecommunications services video and product brands
Media Phone
Mobile phone
Mobile VoIP
Smartphone
Teleconference
Telephonoscope
Telepresence
Telerehabilitation
Tele
TokBox
Videoconferencing
Single Parent Article Video Telephony
Webcam
References
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^ Http: / / www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=video&searchmode=none Video ab definition], Online Etymology Dictionary
^ Solomon Negash, Michael E. Whitman. Editors: Solomon Negash, Michael E. Whitman, Amy B. Woszczynski, Ken Hoganson, Herbert Mattord. Distance Education Handbook for Real-Time and Asynchronous Education Information Technology, Idea Group Inc (IGI), 2008, pp. 17, ISBN 1599049643, ISBN 9781599049649. Costing Note: "…. The students had the option of installing a webcam in your order (a basic webcam costs about $ 40.00) to see the class in session. "
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Further reading
Schnaars, Steve; Wymbs, Cliff. On the persistent demand mediocre The history of your video, Prospective Technological and Social Change, March 2004, vol.71, No. 3, pp. 197-216. DOI: 10.1016/S0040-1625 (02) 00410-9. Visible through ScienceDirect.com (subscription).
Stevenson Bacon, W. "New Amazing Picturephone: A step closer in-person visits," Popular Science, June 1968, pp. 4647, Google Books.
Look up videoconferencing in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikimedia Commons has more photos of: Videophones
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